.. _ketos: Training ======== This page describes the training utilities available through the ``ketos`` command line utility in depth. For a gentle introduction on model training please refer to the :ref:`tutorial `. Thanks to the magic of `Connectionist Temporal Classification `_ prerequisites for creating a new recognition model are quite modest. The basic requirement is a number of text lines (``ground truth``) that correspond to line images and some time for training. Transcription ------------- Transcription is done through local browser based HTML transcription environments. These are created by the ``ketos transcribe`` command line util. Its basic input is just a number of image files and an output path to write the HTML file to: .. code-block:: console $ ketos transcribe -o output.html image_1.png image_2.png ... While it is possible to put multiple images into a single transcription environment splitting into one-image-per-HTML will ease parallel transcription by multiple people. The above command reads in the image files, converts them to black and white, tries to split them into line images, and puts an editable text field next to the image in the HTML. There are a handful of option changing the output: =============================================== ====== option action =============================================== ====== -d, --text-direction Sets the principal text direction both for the segmenter and in the HTML. Can be one of horizontal-lr, horizontal-rl, vertical-lr, vertical-rl. --scale A segmenter parameter giving an estimate of average line height. Usually it shouldn't be set manually. --bw / --orig Disables binarization of input images. If color or grayscale training data is desired this option has to be set. -m, --maxcolseps A segmenter parameter limiting the number of columns that can be found in the input image by setting the maximum number of column separators. Set to 0 to disable column detection. -b, --black_colseps / -w, --white_colseps A segmenter parameter selecting white or black column separators. -f, --font The font family to use for rendering the text in the HTML. -fs, --font-style The font style to use in the HTML. -p, --prefill A model to use for prefilling the transcription. (Optional) -o, --output Output HTML file. =============================================== ====== It is possible to use an existing model to prefill the transcription environments: .. code-block:: console $ ketos transcribe -p ~/arabic.mlmodel -p output.html image_1.png image_2.png ... Transcription has to be diplomatic, i.e. contain the exact character sequence in the line image, including original orthography. Some deviations, such as consistently omitting vocalization in Arabic texts, is possible as long as they are systematic and relatively minor. After transcribing a number of lines the results have to be saved, either using the ``Download`` button on the lower right or through the regular ``Save Page As`` function of the browser. All the work done is contained directly in the saved files and it is possible to save partially transcribed files and continue work later. Next the contents of the filled transcription environments have to be extracted through the ``ketos extract`` command: .. code-block:: console $ ketos extract --output output_directory *.html There are some options dealing with color images and text normalization: ======================================================= ====== option action ======================================================= ====== -b, --binarize / --no-binarize Binarizes color/grayscale images (default) or retains the original in the output. -u, --normalization Normalizes text to one of the following Unicode normalization forms: NFD, NFKD, NFC, NFKC -s, --normalize-whitespace / --no-normalize-whitespace Normalizes whitespace in extracted text. There are several different Unicode `whitespace `_ characters that are replaced by a standard space when not disabled. --reorder / --no-reorder Tells ketos to reorder the code point for each line into left-to-right order. Unicode code points are always in reading order, e.g. the first code point in an Arabic line will be the rightmost character. This option reorders them into ``display order``, i.e. the first code point is the leftmost, the second one the next from the left and so on. The ``train`` subcommand does this automatically, so it usually isn't needed. -r, --rotate / --no-rotate Skips rotation of vertical lines. -o, --output Output directory, defaults to ``training`` ======================================================= ====== The result will be a directory filled with line image text pairs ``NNNNNN.png`` and ``NNNNNN.gt.txt`` and a ``manifest.txt`` containing a list of all extracted lines. Training -------- The training utility allows training of :ref:`VGSL ` specified models both from scratch and from existing models. Training data is in all cases just a directory containing image-text file pairs as produced by the ``transcribe/extract`` tools. Here are its command line options: ======================================================= ====== option action ======================================================= ====== -p, --pad Left and right padding around lines -o, --output Output model file prefix. Defaults to model. -s, --spec VGSL spec of the network to train. CTC layer will be added automatically. default: [1,48,0,1 Cr3,3,32 Do0.1,2 Mp2,2 Cr3,3,64 Do0.1,2 Mp2,2 S1(1x12)1,3 Lbx100 Do] -a, --append Removes layers before argument and then appends spec. Only works when loading an existing model -i, --load Load existing file to continue training -F, --savefreq Model save frequency in epochs during training -R, --report Report creation frequency in epochs -q, --quit Stop condition for training. Set to `early` for early stopping (default) or `dumb` for fixed number of epochs. -N, --epochs Number of epochs to train for. Set to -1 for indefinite training. --lag Number of epochs to wait before stopping training without improvement. Only used when using early stopping. --min-delta Minimum improvement between epochs to reset early stopping. Defaults to 0.005. -d, --device Select device to use (cpu, cuda:0, cuda:1,...). GPU acceleration requires CUDA. --optimizer Select optimizer (Adam, SGD, RMSprop). -r, --lrate Learning rate [default: 0.001] -m, --momentum Momentum used with SGD optimizer. Ignored otherwise. -w, --weight-decay Weight decay. --schedule Sets the learning rate scheduler. May be either constant or 1cycle. For 1cycle the cycle length is determined by the `--epoch` option. -p, --partition Ground truth data partition ratio between train/validation set -u, --normalization Ground truth Unicode normalization. One of NFC, NFKC, NFD, NFKD. -c, --codec Load a codec JSON definition (invalid if loading existing model) --resize Codec/output layer resizing option. If set to `add` code points will be added, `both` will set the layer to match exactly the training data, `fail` will abort if training data and model codec do not match. Only valid when refining an existing model. -n, --reorder / --no-reorder Reordering of code points to display order. -t, --training-files File(s) with additional paths to training data. Used to enforce an explicit train/validation set split and deal with training sets with more lines than the command line can process. Can be used more than once. -e, --evaluation-files File(s) with paths to evaluation data. Overrides the `-p` parameter. --preload / --no-preload Hard enable/disable for training data preloading. Preloading training data into memory is enabled per default for sets with less than 2500 lines. --threads Number of OpenMP threads when running on CPU. Defaults to min(4, #cores). ======================================================= ====== From Scratch ~~~~~~~~~~~~ The absolut minimal example to train a new model is: .. code-block:: console $ ketos train training_data/*.png Training will continue until the error does not improve anymore and the best model (among intermediate results) will be saved in the current directory. In some cases, such as color inputs, changing the network architecture might be useful: .. code-block:: console $ ketos train -s '[1,0,0,3 Cr3,3,16 Mp3,3 Lfys64 Lbx128 Lbx256 Do]' syr/*.png Complete documentation for the network description language can be found on the :ref:`VGSL ` page. Sometimes the early stopping default parameters might produce suboptimal results such as stopping training too soon. Adjusting the minimum delta an/or lag can be useful: .. code-block:: console $ ketos train --lag 10 --min-delta 0.001 syr/*.png To switch optimizers from Adam to SGD or RMSprop just set the option: .. code-block:: console $ ketos train --optimizer SGD syr/*.png It is possible to resume training from a previously saved model: .. code-block:: console $ ketos train -i model_25.mlmodel syr/*.png Fine Tuning ~~~~~~~~~~~ Fine tuning an existing model for another typeface or new characters is also possible with the same syntax as resuming regular training: .. code-block:: console $ ketos train -i model_best.mlmodel syr/*.png The caveat is that the alphabet of the base model and training data have to be an exact match. Otherwise an error will be raised: .. code-block:: console $ ketos train -i model_5.mlmodel --no-preload kamil/*.png Building training set [####################################] 100% Building validation set [####################################] 100% [0.8616] alphabet mismatch {'~', '»', '8', '9', 'ـ'} Network codec not compatible with training set [0.8620] Training data and model codec alphabets mismatch: {'ٓ', '؟', '!', 'ص', '،', 'ذ', 'ة', 'ي', 'و', 'ب', 'ز', 'ح', 'غ', '~', 'ف', ')', 'د', 'خ', 'م', '»', 'ع', 'ى', 'ق', 'ش', 'ا', 'ه', 'ك', 'ج', 'ث', '(', 'ت', 'ظ', 'ض', 'ل', 'ط', '؛', 'ر', 'س', 'ن', 'ء', 'ٔ', '«', 'ـ', 'ٕ'} There are two modes dealing with mismatching alphabets, ``add`` and ``both``. ``add`` resizes the output layer and codec of the loaded model to include all characters in the new training set without removing any characters. ``both`` will make the resulting model an exact match with the new training set by both removing unused characters from the model and adding new ones. .. code-block:: console $ ketos -v train --resize add -i model_5.mlmodel syr/*.png ... [0.7943] Training set 788 lines, validation set 88 lines, alphabet 50 symbols ... [0.8337] Resizing codec to include 3 new code points [0.8374] Resizing last layer in network to 52 outputs ... In this example 3 characters were added for a network that is able to recognize 52 different characters after sufficient additional training. .. code-block:: console $ ketos -v train --resize both -i model_5.mlmodel syr/*.png ... [0.7593] Training set 788 lines, validation set 88 lines, alphabet 49 symbols ... [0.7857] Resizing network or given codec to 49 code sequences [0.8344] Deleting 2 output classes from network (46 retained) ... In ``both`` mode 2 of the original characters were removed and 3 new ones were added. Slicing ~~~~~~~ Refining on mismatched alphabets has its limits. If the alphabets are highly different the modification of the final linear layer to add/remove character will destroy the inference capabilities of the network. In those cases it is faster to slice off the last few layers of the network and only train those instead of a complete network from scratch. Taking the default network definition as printed in the debug log we can see the layer indices of the model: .. code-block:: console [0.8760] Creating new model [1,48,0,1 Cr3,3,32 Do0.1,2 Mp2,2 Cr3,3,64 Do0.1,2 Mp2,2 S1(1x12)1,3 Lbx100 Do] with 48 outputs [0.8762] layer type params [0.8790] 0 conv kernel 3 x 3 filters 32 activation r [0.8795] 1 dropout probability 0.1 dims 2 [0.8797] 2 maxpool kernel 2 x 2 stride 2 x 2 [0.8802] 3 conv kernel 3 x 3 filters 64 activation r [0.8804] 4 dropout probability 0.1 dims 2 [0.8806] 5 maxpool kernel 2 x 2 stride 2 x 2 [0.8813] 6 reshape from 1 1 x 12 to 1/3 [0.8876] 7 rnn direction b transposed False summarize False out 100 legacy None [0.8878] 8 dropout probability 0.5 dims 1 [0.8883] 9 linear augmented False out 48 To remove everything after the initial convolutional stack and add untrained layers we define a network stub and index for appending: .. code-block:: console $ ketos train -i model_1.mlmodel --append 7 -s '[Lbx256 Do]' syr/*.png Building training set [####################################] 100% Building validation set [####################################] 100% [0.8014] alphabet mismatch {'8', '3', '9', '7', '܇', '݀', '݂', '4', ':', '0'} Slicing and dicing model ✓ The new model will behave exactly like a new one, except potentially training a lot faster. Testing ------- Picking a particular model from a pool or getting a more detailled look on the recognition accuracy can be done with the `test` command. It uses transcribed lines, the test set, in the same format as the `train` command, recognizes the line images with one or more models, and creates a detailled report of the differences from the ground truth for each of them. ======================================================= ====== option action ======================================================= ====== -m, --model Model(s) to evaluate. -e, --evaluation-files File(s) with paths to evaluation data. -d, --device Select device to use. -p, --pad Left and right padding around lines. Transcriptions are handed to the command in the same way as for the `train` command, either through a manifest with `-e/--evaluation-files` or by just adding a number of image files as the final argument: .. code-block:: console $ ketos test -m $model -e test.txt test/*.png Evaluating $model Evaluating [####################################] 100% === report test_model.mlmodel === 7012 Characters 6022 Errors 14.12% Accuracy 5226 Insertions 2 Deletions 794 Substitutions Count Missed %Right 1567 575 63.31% Common 5230 5230 0.00% Arabic 215 215 0.00% Inherited Errors Correct-Generated 773 { ا } - { } 536 { ل } - { } 328 { و } - { } 274 { ي } - { } 266 { م } - { } 256 { ب } - { } 246 { ن } - { } 241 { SPACE } - { } 207 { ر } - { } 199 { ف } - { } 192 { ه } - { } 174 { ع } - { } 172 { ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE } - { } 144 { ت } - { } 136 { ق } - { } 122 { س } - { } 108 { ، } - { } 106 { د } - { } 82 { ك } - { } 81 { ح } - { } 71 { ج } - { } 66 { خ } - { } 62 { ة } - { } 60 { ص } - { } 39 { ، } - { - } 38 { ش } - { } 30 { ا } - { - } 30 { ن } - { - } 29 { ى } - { } 28 { ذ } - { } 27 { ه } - { - } 27 { ARABIC HAMZA BELOW } - { } 25 { ز } - { } 23 { ث } - { } 22 { غ } - { } 20 { م } - { - } 20 { ي } - { - } 20 { ) } - { } 19 { : } - { } 19 { ط } - { } 19 { ل } - { - } 18 { ، } - { . } 17 { ة } - { - } 16 { ض } - { } ... Average accuracy: 14.12%, (stddev: 0.00) The report(s) contains character accuracy measured per script and a detailled list of confusions. When evaluating multiple models the last line of the output will the average accuracy and the standard deviation across all of them. Artificial Training Data ------------------------ It is possible to rely on artificially created training data, instead of laborously creating ground truth by manual means. A proper typeface and some text in the target language will be needed. For many popular historical fonts there are free reproductions which quite closely match printed editions. Most are available in your distribution's repositories and often shipped with TeX Live. Some good places to start for non-Latin scripts are: - `Amiri `_, a classical Arabic typeface by Khaled Hosny - The `Greek Font Society `_ offers freely licensed (historical) typefaces for polytonic Greek. - The friendly religious fanatics from `SIL `_ assemble a wide variety of fonts for non-Latin scripts. Next we need some text to generate artificial line images from. It should be a typical example of the type of printed works you want to recognize and at least 500-1000 lines in length. A minimal invocation to the line generation tool will look like this: .. code-block:: console $ ketos linegen -f Amiri da1.txt da2.txt Reading texts ✓ Read 3692 unique lines Σ (len: 99) Symbols: !(),-./0123456789:ABEFGHILMNPRS[]_acdefghiklmnoprstuvyz«»،؟ءآأؤإئابةتثجحخدذرزسشصضطظعغـفقكلمنهوىيپ Writing images ✓ The output will be written to a directory called ``training_data``, although this may be changed using the ``-o`` option. Each text line is rendered using the Amiri typeface. Alphabet and Normalization ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Let's take a look at important information in the preamble: .. code-block:: console Read 3692 unique lines Σ (len: 99) Symbols: !(),-./0123456789:ABEFGHILMNPRS[]_acdefghiklmnoprstuvyz«»،؟ﺀﺁﺃﺅﺈﺋﺎﺑﺔﺘﺜﺠﺤﺧﺩﺫﺭﺰﺴﺸﺼﻀﻄﻈﻌﻐـﻔﻘﻜﻠﻤﻨﻫﻭﻰﻳپ ketos tells us that it found 3692 unique lines which contained 99 different ``symbols`` or ``code points``. We can see the training data contains all of the Arabic script including accented precomposed characters, but only a subset of Latin characters, numerals, and punctuation. A trained model will be able to recognize only these exact symbols, e.g. a ``C`` or ``j`` on the page will never be recognized. Either accept this limitation or add additional text lines to the training corpus until the alphabet matches your needs. We can also force a normalization form using the ``-u`` option; per default none is applied. For example: .. code-block:: console $ ketos linegen -u NFD -f "GFS Philostratos" grc.txt Reading texts ✓ Read 2860 unique lines Σ (len: 132) Symbols: #&'()*,-./0123456789:;ABCDEGHILMNOPQRSTVWXZ]abcdefghiklmnopqrstuvxy §·ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψω—‘’“ Combining Characters: COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT, COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT, COMBINING DIAERESIS, COMBINING COMMA ABOVE, COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE, COMBINING DOT BELOW, COMBINING GREEK PERISPOMENI, COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI $ ketos linegen -u NFC -f "GFS Philostratos" grc.txt Reading texts ✓ Read 2860 unique lines Σ (len: 231) Symbols: #&'()*,-./0123456789:;ABCDEGHILMNOPQRSTVWXZ]abcdefghiklmnopqrstuvxy §·ΐΑΒΓΔΕΖΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΦΧΨΩάέήίαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψωϊϋόύώἀἁἂἃἄἅἈἌἎἐἑἓἔἕἘἙἜἝἠἡἢἣἤἥἦἧἩἭἮἰἱἳἴἵἶἷἸἹἼὀὁὂὃὄὅὈὉὌὐὑὓὔὕὖὗὙὝὠὡὢὤὥὦὧὨὩὰὲὴὶὸὺὼᾄᾐᾑᾔᾗᾠᾤᾧᾳᾶᾷῃῄῆῇῒῖῥῦῬῳῴῶῷ—‘’“ Combining Characters: COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT, COMBINING DOT BELOW While there hasn't been any study on the effect of different normalizations on recognition accuracy there are some benefits to NFD, namely decreased model size and easier validation of the alphabet. Other Parameters ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sometimes it is desirable to draw a certain number of lines randomly from one or more large texts. The ``-n`` option does just that: .. code-block:: console $ ketos linegen -u NFD -n 100 -f Amiri da1.txt da2.txt da3.txt da4.txt Reading texts ✓ Read 114265 unique lines Sampling 100 lines ✓ Σ (len: 64) Symbols: !(),-./0123456789:[]{}«»،؛؟ءابةتثجحخدذرزسشصضطظعغـفقكلمنهوىي– Combining Characters: ARABIC MADDAH ABOVE, ARABIC HAMZA ABOVE, ARABIC HAMZA BELOW Writing images ⢿ It is also possible to adjust to amount of degradation/distortion of line images by using the ``-s/-r/-d/-ds`` switches: .. code-block:: console $ ketos linegen -m 0.2 -s 0.002 -r 0.001 -d 3 Downloads/D/A/da1.txt Reading texts ✓ Read 859 unique lines Σ (len: 46) Symbols: !"-.:،؛؟ءآأؤإئابةتثجحخدذرزسشصضطظعغفقكلمنهوىي Writing images ⣽ Sometimes the shaping engine misbehaves using some fonts (notably ``GFS Philostratos``) by rendering texts in certain normalizations incorrectly if the font does not contain glyphs for decomposed characters. One sign are misplaced diacritics and glyphs in different fonts. A workaround is renormalizing the text for rendering purposes (here to NFC): .. code-block:: console $ ketos linegen -ur NFC -u NFD -f "GFS Philostratos" grc.txt